In this chapter
This chapter sets out how a UAE business can move from eligibility check to a commercial decision in 90 days, what must be ready before the first impression, and which developments could change the plan. The platform base is moving fast: ChatGPT Ads went from a US-only test on 9 February 2026 to 89 self-service countries including the UAE by late October 2026, and OpenAI's ad policy reached its seventh version in six months. ONS's scenarios are views, not forecasts, and sit in labelled boxes.
In brief
- Start account verification on day one: OpenAI says business verification "may take up to 7 Business days".
- The UAE listing confirms the legal entity can use self-service, not that the category is approved (OpenAI; OpenAI Help Center). Eligibility is the first gate in the plan.
- The minimum daily budget for AED accounts is AED 65, treated as a seven-day average target; daily spend can reach 2x and weekly spend 7x the daily budget (OpenAI; OpenAI Help).
- Landing pages must not block OAI-AdsBot or OAI-SearchBot; the pixel and Conversions API should share an event ID for deduplication (OpenAI Help).
- Recent conversions can take 24 to 48 hours to appear, and the longest click window is 30 days, so a 90-day plan is the shortest cycle that sees mature outcomes (OpenAI).
- OpenAI's policy has opened categories in the US first: medical, legal and financial contexts in April 2026, US legal services in August. No date has been given for any change outside the US.
- Google's ads in AI Mode ran "in the US only, so far" in August 2026; agentic checkout is for "eligible U.S. retailers", with global expansion planned "in the coming months".
- UAE generative AI use reached 73.3% of the working-age population in Q2 2026, against 18.8% globally, up from 70.1% in Q1 2026 (Microsoft On the Issues; Microsoft).
- The UAE's PDPL implementing regulations "have still not been issued" (June 2026; no later issuance found by 28 Oct 2026); a new Federal Authority for AI and Data was announced on 14 June 2026 (Morgan Lewis).
Readiness checklist
Most failed launches fail before the first impression: the wrong category, a blocked landing page, a pixel that never fires, or a sales team that cannot respond. The checklist below collects every published requirement and the ONS checks that sit alongside them. Items marked ONS are recommendations, not platform rules.
| Area | Check | Evidence to keep | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Market | Legal entity is in a listed country; UAE listed as "Available" | Screenshot of availability page with date | OpenAI Help Center [Platform] |
| Category | Offer is eligible outside the US; licence alone is not eligibility | Written category decision (chapter 6, chapter 15) | OpenAI Help Center [Platform] |
| Verification | Business verification submitted; can take up to 7 business days; appeals pending over 7 days go to ads-support | Submission date | OpenAI Help Center [Platform] |
| Account set-up | Account legal name matches registered business name; card billing; currency and time zone cannot be changed later | Trade licence name; chosen currency AED | OpenAI Help [Platform] |
| Budget | At least AED 65 daily; 7-day average; daily up to 2x, weekly up to 7x; week runs Sunday to Saturday | Approved budget and ceiling | OpenAI; OpenAI Help [Platform] |
| Geography | Some new accounts serve only in their home country until verified and home-country spend is reached; sub-national targeting varies; feed campaigns country-level only | Target-market plan | OpenAI Help; OpenAI [Platform] |
| Landing page | Reachable; does not block OAI-AdsBot or OAI-SearchBot; most relevant page, not home page | Robots.txt and firewall review | OpenAI Help; OpenAI [Platform] |
| Creative | Per Adobe Advertising's ChatGPT ad settings: title up to 50 characters, description up to 100, square image 256x256 px or larger, up to 20 MB; about 16 and 32 characters typically display | Approved creative with claim sources | Adobe Experience League; PPC Land [Platform] |
| Tracking | Pixel and Conversions API with shared event ID; supported standard optimisation event; Event Quality Score checked | Test conversion records | OpenAI Help; OpenAI; PPC Land [Platform] |
| Audiences | Custom inclusion audiences need at least 25,000 matched users; exclusions can be smaller | Audience size report | OpenAI Help [Platform] |
| Regulation | Prior authority approval for health, real estate, financial, education and food ads; health ad licence displayed | Approval or licence number | UAE Legislation portal; MOHAP [Official] |
| Language and claims | Advertising and website information in Arabic as a minimum; no incorrect or misleading claims | Arabic page versions; claim evidence | Pinsent Masons; UAE Legislation portal [Official] |
| Data consent | Consent "clear, specific, and unambiguous" onshore; prior opt-in for behavioural advertising in DIFC | Consent banner and records | Primerus / Reina Consulting; Baker McKenzie [Industry] |
| Reporting | Click windows 7, 14, 30 days; view windows 0 or 1 day; spend may lag 7 to 8 hours | Agreed reporting basis | OpenAI; OpenAI Help [Platform] |
| Follow-up | Sales team can answer enquiries within the agreed time; lead quality definitions agreed | Response-time log | [ONS] |
Two items deserve emphasis. OpenAI documents no frequency cap or frequency control in its basics article, so creative fatigue has to be watched in the data rather than prevented in settings. And a Saudi agency's reading of OpenAI's help pages says ads may run up to 24 hours after a pause and are billed; this is a secondary reading, but it means pausing is not an instant stop and budgets need a margin (Origami).
A 30, 60 and 90-day programme
The timetable is ONS guidance, not a platform requirement. Adjust it to the sales cycle and the business's readiness. A campaign should not launch because the calendar reaches a particular week; it launches when the checklist is complete.
| Period | Main work | Evidence to retain | Decision |
|---|---|---|---|
| Days 1 to 30: foundations | Eligibility and offer review; start business verification; baseline costs and lead quality from existing channels; landing page, crawler access and tracking; regulator approvals; Arabic content; organic AI visibility audit | Category decision; verification date; current cost per qualified lead; successful test enquiries; approved creative | Is a test appropriate, and is the system ready? |
| Days 31 to 60: controlled pilot | Live pilot where eligible; one change at a time; weekly lead-quality review with sales; prompt log for organic visibility | Delivery, clicks, enquiries, qualified leads; change log | Continue, repair or stop? |
| Days 61 to 90: commercial review | Let outcomes mature; reconcile platform conversions with CRM; compare with baseline; review capacity | Cohort sales, contribution, open pipeline, capacity notes | Expand, hold or reallocate? |
Days 1 to 30: foundations
- Classify the offer. Use the sector tables in chapters 6 and 15. If the category is not allowed outside the US, stop the paid track and move the effort to Google search, Meta and organic work. OpenAI's own wording is that a licensed business "is not automatically eligible for every advertising category or market".
- Start verification on day one. It can take up to 7 business days (OpenAI Help Center). Choose AED as the currency and the UAE time zone at set-up, because neither can be changed later (OpenAI Help).
- Record a baseline. Current cost per enquiry, share of enquiries that are genuine, and close rate from existing channels. Without a baseline, a ChatGPT result cannot be judged.
- Fix the destination. Check robots.txt and bot protection against the crawler table in chapter 14; landing pages must not block OAI-AdsBot or OAI-SearchBot (OpenAI Help). Test every form, call button and WhatsApp link on mobile.
- Install measurement. Pixel and Conversions API with a shared event ID; a supported standard event for optimisation (OpenAI Help; OpenAI); CRM fields for source and outcome.
- Secure approvals and language. Obtain regulator approval where the category requires it and publish Arabic versions of advertised pages (UAE Legislation portal; Pinsent Masons).
- Audit organic visibility. Run a dated set of research questions in ChatGPT, Gemini, Copilot and Perplexity and log mentions, citations and errors (chapter 14).
Days 31 to 60: controlled pilot
OpenAI suggests a starting maximum bid of USD 3 to 5 per click, which is not an expected CPC. ONS's two anonymised UAE tests published average CPCs of AED 1.97 and AED 3.19; these are two small tests with no published dates or spend, not a benchmark. Since August 2026 the default bid strategy for eligible new ad groups is "Maximize results", and manual bidding is needed for a hard ceiling (Search Engine Journal, Brooke Osmundson). Impressions, clicks and CTR refresh about every 15 minutes, but spend may lag 7 to 8 hours, so do not judge pacing on the first morning (OpenAI Help).
Change one thing at a time. In ONS's own tests, the objective, message and destination changed together between the two campaigns, so the difference in results cannot be assigned to any one of them. Keep a change log with dates. Review lead quality weekly with the sales team, not only platform conversions.
Days 61 to 90: commercial review
Conversions take 24 to 48 hours to settle and click windows run to 30 days, but sales often take longer (OpenAI). ONS's tests show why the review must wait: of 19 client-recorded leads, 5 had closed and 13 were still active at reporting. The closed share at reporting, 5 ÷ 19 = 26.3%, is an open-pipeline figure, not a final close rate. Compare cost per qualified lead and contribution with the baseline from days 1 to 30, using the break-even method in chapter 12, then decide to expand, hold or reallocate.
Give each responsibility an owner
The client approves factual business claims, confirms fulfilment capacity and maintains sales outcomes. ONS manages the campaign plan, creative process, measurement review and recommendations within the agreed scope. The website team owns implementation defects, including crawler access and tracking. The appropriate compliance owner resolves category, regulator approval and data-handling questions.
Agree in advance what happens when the campaign generates unsuitable leads, when platform and CRM attribution differ, and when the sales team falls behind. These decisions are easier before live spend creates pressure. Keep a short decision log that records the evidence and the action taken.
Use AI to accelerate the work that needs doing
The platforms are adding AI tools for advertisers. OpenAI has introduced an Ads Manager plugin for natural-language campaign management, AI-suggested copy and images drawn from the landing page, and opt-in headline adaptation and translation into the user's language (Reuters via Zawya). Google announced "Ask Advisor", a Gemini assistant across Google Ads, Analytics and Merchant Center, at GML 2026 (Search Engine Land). For UAE advertisers, automatic translation is relevant to Arabic, but any translated claim still needs the same review as the original.
AI can help assemble research, compare source versions, draft message variations and spot reporting anomalies. ONS's human contribution is to choose useful questions, verify facts, interpret results and make decisions with the client. An automated recommendation should be checked against policy, commercial context and operational capacity before it changes live activity. The objective is faster learning with clear accountability: KPIs linked to the client's return on investment, reviewed consistently, with a plain explanation of whether the work is supporting growth.
How fast the ground has moved
Any plan written today will meet a changed platform within months. The count of markets with ChatGPT Ads shows the pace. Counts differ by source because OpenAI mixes markets where ads are live with markets where self-service is available.
Markets where ChatGPT Ads were live or self-service was listed, by date, 2026, count. Counts mix live and self-service markets
Source: OpenAI; TechCrunch; PPC Land; MarTech; Relevant Audience, February to October 2026
The US test began on 9 February 2026 (TechCrunch, Sarah Perez); Canada, Australia and New Zealand were added on 26 March; targeting expanded to the UK, Japan, South Korea, Brazil and Mexico by 9 June (PPC Land; MarTech, Constantine von Hoffman, 2026); India launch brought the public count to 41 markets on 29 August; the help page listed 63 countries on 24 September; and OpenAI announced 89 on 21 October 2026. The UAE appeared on the self-service list between 6 and 17 September 2026, by third-party readings (Origami; Digital Applied). By 21 October OpenAI reported "More than 100,000 advertisers".
The UAE audience is moving in the same direction. Microsoft measures the share of the UAE working-age population using generative AI rising from 59.4% in H1 2025 to 64.0% in H2 2025 and 70.1% in Q1 2026, then to 73.3% in Q2 2026, against a global figure of 18.8%.
Share of population aged 15 to 64 using a generative AI product, UAE and global, H1 2025 to Q2 2026, %
Source: Microsoft, AI Diffusion Report 2026 Q1, May 2026; Microsoft On the Issues, 21 September 2026
Future scenarios
The scenarios below are ONS views on developments that would change a UAE plan. Each has a trigger to watch, preparation that costs little now, and a rule for budget. None is a prediction with an assigned probability, and this book does not state when any restricted category will open or when any unconfirmed UAE feature will launch.
| Scenario | Trigger to watch | Preparation | Budget treatment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Richer ChatGPT formats reach the UAE | Official UAE availability of sponsored agents, visual or carousel units | Accurate square image sets; product feed | Test after account access is confirmed |
| Restricted categories open outside the US | New ad policy version or eligibility table row | Regulator-approved content; compliant landing pages | No spend before revalidation |
| Google in-answer ads reach the UAE | UAE or Arabic added to Google's AI Overviews or AI Mode ad lists | Feeds, broad-match and Performance Max readiness | Within existing Google budget |
| More assistants add ads | Gemini, Meta AI or Copilot UAE ad documentation | Organic visibility and clean conversion data | Separate small test once documented |
| Agentic commerce arrives | Merchant access and checkout in UAE | Product, stock and returns data quality | Separate experiment with clear outcomes |
| Competition raises costs | Rising marginal cost per qualified lead in client data | Better qualification and offer clarity | Reallocate against contribution |
| Retreat or trust backlash | A platform pauses ads or tightens placements | Owned channels and organic presence | Shift to other channels |
| UAE rules tighten | PDPL regulations or AI advertising guidance issued | Consent records; disclosure review | Pause affected tracking until compliant |
1. ChatGPT formats widen
OpenAI is testing several formats in the US: sponsored agents, where a user who clicks an ad can open a labelled conversation with a business-sponsored agent (16 September 2026); visual display ads beside generated images, for an initial US test group from later in October 2026; and wider cards and larger images using existing creative (Reuters via Zawya, Anzar Mehraj; TechCrunch). A multi-image format with four to six square images entered open beta on 26 October 2026 (OpenAI). Multiple advertisers within one sponsored placement were tested with a small subset from 9 June 2026 (MarTech, Constantine von Hoffman).
ONS outlook
ONS expects some of these formats to reach UAE accounts, because OpenAI has used US tests as a precursor to wider rollout throughout 2026. No date for any format outside the US has been published. The low-cost preparation is a library of accurate square images for each offer, so a UAE account can use a format the week it appears without generating images that misrepresent the business.
2. Restricted categories open outside the US
OpenAI's changelog shows a direction: April 2026 removed the categorical block on medical, legal and financial advice contexts; July clarified financial and health rules; August added housing and job listings and permitted legal services in the US; September added OpenAI's right to decline ads that conflict with its principles or competitive position. Outside the US, health services remain "generally prohibited", and OpenAI is "not accepting applications for approval in certain policy categories".
ONS outlook
If UAE health, legal or financial categories open, ONS expects it to come through approved advertisers first, as in the US, not as open self-service (OpenAI). Clinics and firms that already hold regulator approvals and run compliant, factual sites will be best placed. ONS will not plan restricted-sector ChatGPT budgets on the assumption that the change will happen, and the September 2026 clause shows OpenAI can also decline ads.
3. Google in-answer ads reach the UAE
Ads within AI Overviews are offered in 12 countries, in English only; the UAE and Arabic are not listed (Google Ads Help). Ads in AI Mode ran "in the US only, so far" in August 2026, with no AI Mode campaign type and no opt-out; eligible campaigns are Performance Max, Shopping and broad-match Search including AI Max; Google began a small experiment serving exact and phrase match keywords inside AI Mode (reported 7 September 2026), and no source found by 28 October 2026 shows AI Mode ads in the UAE (Adthena). At GML 2026 Google said it is testing Conversational Discovery ads and Highlighted Answers in AI Mode. AI Mode passed 1 billion monthly active users and supports Arabic (Google, Q2 2026; Arabian Business, 2025).
ONS outlook
Because AI Mode is already live in Arabic and in more than 200 countries, ONS sees Google's in-answer ads as the most likely next AI ad inventory for UAE businesses, and as one that will arrive through existing campaign types rather than a new buy (Arabian Business, 2025; Adthena, 2026). Google states AI Max typically brings "14% more conversions or conversion value at a similar CPA/ROAS"; this is Google's own claim. The preparation is ordinary account hygiene: clean feeds, broad-match testing with strong negative lists, and conversion tracking that separates qualified leads.
4. More assistants add ads
Gemini app monthly active users, global, millions, Q2 2025 to Q2 2026 (February 2026 value stated as 'crossed 750 million')
Source: Alphabet Q2 2025 and Q2 2026 earnings remarks via TechCrunch and Google, July 2025 to July 2026
Google said in December 2025 there were "no ads in the Gemini app and there are no current plans to change that", then said in April 2026 that AI Mode formats "would transfer successfully to Gemini app" (Search Engine Land; Let's Data Science). Meta described ads in Meta AI as coming "later down the line" (Beebom, 2025). Perplexity went the other way and is winding down (Campaign, 2026).
ONS outlook
A Gemini audience of 950 million monthly users is a large unmonetised surface, and ONS expects Google to test ads there. ONS also expects any launch to start in the US, as AI Mode ads did (Adthena, 2026). For UAE businesses the preparation is the same as for organic visibility: accurate, crawlable, Arabic and English content.
5. Agentic commerce arrives
Google's UCP checkout in AI Mode and Gemini is for eligible US retailers; Business Agent went live on 12 January 2026 for US retailers (Google); Microsoft's Copilot Checkout is US only (GIGAZINE, Jan 2026); OpenAI's sponsored agents are a US test (Reuters via Zawya, Anzar Mehraj, 2026). UAE consumers report high openness: 32% would trust AI agents to complete checkout (Visa, 2026) and 79% are comfortable with AI completing a purchase (Checkout.com, method not stated). The two figures conflict in scale.
ONS outlook
ONS expects agentic checkout to reach the UAE after the US, because each programme names US merchants first (Google; GIGAZINE, Jan 2026). Retailers that keep stock, price and return data accurate in one feed will be able to join quickly. Those that do not will be described inaccurately by agents before they can sell through them.
6. Costs and competition
Early ChatGPT prices fell as supply grew. CPMs fell from USD 60 at launch to as low as USD 25 by April 2026 in the US, and OpenAI told a MENA briefing that average cost per purchase fell about 60% and CPM about 20% over six weeks, as global averages rather than UAE figures (Digiday, Krystal Scanlon; Al Bayan). Demand is now rising: more than 100,000 advertisers have run campaigns, and US ads per user per hour on the mobile app rose 163% between April and August 2026 (OpenAI; PPC Land on Sensor Tower). OpenAI aims for USD 2.5bn of ad revenue in 2026 and USD 100bn by 2030 according to Axios; The Information reported a USD 2.4bn 2026 expectation and USD 11bn for 2027; the two 2026 figures conflict. eMarketer forecasts total US AI chatbot ad spending of USD 5.41bn in 2030, a US, all-chatbot figure not comparable with OpenAI's global goal.
ONS outlook
Revenue targets of that size imply more ad load and more advertisers, which in an auction usually means higher costs over time. ONS expects UAE costs to rise as more local advertisers enter. The protection is unit economics measured on qualified leads and contribution, not on clicks.
7. Trust and regulation
UAE residents want transparency: 76% say it is important that content states it was made with generative AI, and 73% want brands and creators to disclose AI use (YouGov, 2024; Communicate Online, Q4 2025). UAE law already requires advertisements to be "clearly identified, distinct, and separate" (UAE Legislation portal). No general UAE rule requires labelling of AI-generated ads; regulators have warned that AI depictions of national symbols or public figures need prior approval (Gulf News; Khaleej Times). The PDPL has been in force since 2 January 2022, but its implementing regulations "have still not been issued" as of June 2026 (no later issuance found by 28 Oct 2026) (Morgan Lewis; Primerus / Reina Consulting).
ONS outlook
ONS expects UAE rules on data and AI content to tighten rather than loosen, given the creation of the National Media Authority in December 2025 and the Federal Authority for AI and Data in June 2026 (Gulf News; Morgan Lewis). Businesses that already keep consent records, disclose AI-made creative where it matters to the customer, and avoid AI images of national symbols will need fewer changes when rules arrive.
Signals to watch
The table lists the documents and events ONS will re-read before each edition, with the date of the version used in this book. A change in any of them is a trigger to revisit the plan.
| Signal | Status in this edition (date) | Why it matters | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| OpenAI ad policies version | v1.6, updated 10 Sep 2026 | Category rules for UAE advertisers | OpenAI [Platform] |
| OpenAI eligibility table | Updated about 26 Oct 2026; health, legal and most finance not allowed or restricted outside US | Sector decisions in chapter 15 | OpenAI Help Center [Platform] |
| Ads Manager availability | 89 countries incl. UAE; updated 27 to 28 Oct 2026 | Account access | OpenAI Help Center [Platform] |
| Brand suitability controls | DoubleVerify and IAS pilots announced 5 Oct 2026; exclusion targeting tested with a small group | Placement control for sensitive brands | Adweek, Trishla Ostwal; eMarketer [Industry] |
| Sponsored agents and visual ads | US tests, 16 Sep and Oct 2026 | Format scenario 1 | Reuters via Zawya, Anzar Mehraj; TechCrunch [Industry] |
| Google ads within AI Overviews | 12 countries, English only; UAE absent (read 28 Oct 2026) | Google scenario 3 | Google Ads Help; Google [Platform] |
| Google ads in AI Mode | US only, so far (Aug 2026) | Google scenario 3 | Adthena; Google [Industry] |
| Google GML formats | Tests and "coming months" (20 May 2026) | Conversational Discovery ads, Business Agent for Leads | Google [Platform] |
| Gemini app ads | None; "not ruling them out" (Apr 2026) | Scenario 4 | Search Engine Land; Let's Data Science [Industry] |
| Copilot ads in the UAE | Unresolved | Scenario 4 | Microsoft [Platform] |
| Perplexity ads | Winding down by end of 2026 (reported Feb 2026) | Scenario 7 precedent | Campaign [Industry] |
| Agentic checkout | US only; global expansion "in the coming months" (11 Jan 2026) | Scenario 5 | Google [Platform] |
| ChatGPT Go and ad-free plans | Go available everywhere ChatGPT is; Plus and higher plans ad-free; free Plus for UAE residents not confirmed | Size of the UAE ad-eligible audience | OpenAI; Gulf News [Platform] |
| Stargate UAE | 200MW expected to go live in 2026; 0 MW online at 22 Jul 2026 | OpenAI's UAE commitment | OpenAI; Epoch AI [Platform] |
| UAE PDPL regulations | Not issued (Jun 2026; no later issuance found by 28 Oct 2026) | Pixel and consent rules | Morgan Lewis [Industry] |
| DHA medical advertising standards | Issued 17 Aug 2026 | Clinic content and claims | Dubai Health Authority [Official] |
| UAE Advertiser Permit | Registration deadline 31 Jan 2026; mandatory from 1 Feb 2026; free for three years; own-business promotion exempt | Creator and influencer content | Pinsent Masons Out-Law; Aletihad, citing UAE Media Council [Official] |
ONS reading
The plan in this chapter is designed to survive the scenarios. Every step that prepares for ChatGPT Ads (eligibility decisions, crawlable Arabic and English pages, clean tracking, regulator approvals, honest creative) also prepares for Google's in-answer ads, for assistants that have not yet launched ads, and for organic visibility. That is why ONS puts the foundations first and the spend second.
Gaps in the evidence
No public data. Dates for any OpenAI format or category change outside the US; an official date for the UAE's addition to the Ads Manager list (third parties bound it to 6 to 17 September 2026) (Digital Applied; Origami). A future edition should record each policy version on the day it appears.
No public data. UAE or GCC ChatGPT Ads cost and conversion benchmarks, and the share of ChatGPT users on Free and Go plans. Without these, budget scenarios in this book remain hypothetical. A future edition should pool anonymised, dated client data with consent.
No public data. Google's official country list for ads in AI Mode; UAE availability of Direct Offers, Business Agent for Leads and UCP checkout; any UAE guidance on generative AI advertising beyond the national-symbol and misinformation warnings.
Sources for this chapter
- Adobe Experience League, "ChatGPT Ads chat card ad settings", 2026-10-06. https://experienceleague.adobe.com/en/docs/advertising/search-social-commerce/new-ui/manage/ads/ad-settings-by-network/ad-settings-chatgpt
- Adthena, "Google AI Mode ads: Google is rebuilding your search ads for every conversation", 26 Aug 2026. https://www.adthena.com/?p=332622
- Adweek, Trishla Ostwal, "OpenAI is piloting brand suitability controls with DoubleVerify and IAS", 2026-10-05. https://www.adweek.com/media/openai-is-piloting-brand-suitability-controls-with-doubleverify-and-ias/
- Al Bayan, "OpenAI expands ChatGPT ads to MENA", 2026-09-16. https://www.albayan.ae/economy/1552481
- Aletihad, citing UAE Media Council, "UAE Media Council launches Advertiser Permit to regulate individual promotional content", 30 Jul 2025. https://en.aletihad.ae/news/uae/4594010/uae-media-council-launches-advertiser-permit-to-regulate-ind
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- Baker McKenzie, "DIFC: cookies, online tracking and direct marketing", reviewed 23 Dec 2024. https://resourcehub.bakermckenzie.com/en/resources/global-data-and-cyber-handbook/emea/dubai-international-financial-center/topics/cookies-online-tracking-and-direct-marketing
- Beebom, "Zuckerberg outlines paid tier and ads are coming to Meta AI app soon", 1 May 2025. https://beebom.com/zuckerberg-meta-ai-app-premium-tier-and-ads-coming-soon/amp/
- Campaign, "Perplexity pulls the plug on ads, citing trust concerns for AI", Feb 2026 (undated on page). https://www.campaignlive.com/article/perplexity-pulls-plug-ads-citing-trust-concerns-ai/1949142
- Communicate Online, "Eleni Kitra, Advertising Business Group", 2 Feb 2026. https://communicateonline.me/news/ai-influencers-trust-and-the-future-of-advertising-what-uae-consumers-are-telling-our-industry/
- Digiday, Krystal Scanlon, "Everything is coming down: ChatGPT ads are getting cheaper", 2026-04-17. https://digiday.com/marketing/everything-is-coming-down-chatgpt-ads-are-getting-cheaper/
- Digital Applied, "Where ChatGPT ads are sold: every market and date", 2026-09-01, mod 2026-10-22. https://www.digitalapplied.com/blog/where-chatgpt-ads-are-sold-every-market-and-date
- Dubai Health Authority, 17 Aug 2026. https://www.dha.gov.ae/en/circulars/details/CIR-2026-00000144
- eMarketer, "ChatGPT ad exclusions give brands safeguards as targeting gaps persist", undated, read 28 Oct 2026. https://www.emarketer.com/content/chatgpt-ad-exclusions-give-brands-safeguards-targeting-gaps-persist
- eMarketer, "OpenAI's $1 billion ad run rate puts its 2026 target within closer reach", undated (c. Sep 2026), read 28 Oct 2026. https://www.emarketer.com/content/openai-1-billion-ad-run-rate-puts-its-2026-target-within-closer-reach
- Epoch AI, "OpenAI Stargate UAE", upd 22 Jul 2026. https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers/directory/openai-stargate-uae
- GIGAZINE, "Microsoft announces Copilot Checkout", 9 Jan 2026. https://gigazine.net/gsc_news/en/20260109-copilot-checkout
- Google Ads Help, "About ads and AI Overviews", undated, read 28 Oct 2026. https://support.google.com/google-ads/answer/16297775?hl=en
- Google, "A new generation of ads for the AI era of Search", 20 May 2026. https://blog.google/products/ads-commerce/google-marketing-live-search-ads/
- Google, "blog.google, agentic commerce post", 11 Jan 2026. https://blog.google/products/ads-commerce/agentic-commerce-ai-tools-protocol-retailers-platforms/
- Google, "Q2 2026 earnings call: Remarks from our CEO", 22 Jul 2026. https://blog.google/company-news/inside-google/message-ceo/alphabet-earnings-q2-2026/
- Google, "Unlock next-level performance with AI Max for Search campaigns", 6 May 2025. https://blog.google/products/ads-commerce/google-ai-max-for-search-campaigns/
- Gulf News, "Is ChatGPT Plus free in the UAE?", 27 May 2025. https://gulfnews.com/business/markets/is-openai-giving-chatgpt-for-free-to-all-uae-residents-know-whats-true-1.500141497
- Gulf News, "UAE establishes National Media Authority", 18 Dec 2025. https://gulfnews.com/uae/government/uae-establishes-national-media-authority-to-oversee-media-sector-1.500383718
- Gulf News, 25 Sep 2025. https://gulfnews.com/technology/media/uae-media-council-warns-against-using-ai-technologies-to-spread-misinformation-1.500283322
- Khaleej Times, 30 Sep 2026. https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/uae-national-media-authority-warns-against-ai-images-of-national-symbols-rules?amp=1
- Let's Data Science, "Google Executive Signals Ads Could Reach Gemini", 29 Apr 2026. https://letsdatascience.com/news/google-executive-signals-ads-could-reach-gemini-433f7132
- MarTech, Constantine von Hoffman, "OpenAI tests multi-advertiser ad placements in ChatGPT", 2026-06-09. https://martech.org/openai-tests-multi-advertiser-ad-placements-in-chatgpt/
- MENA Startup Digest citing Checkout.com, 13 Jun 2026. https://menastartupdigest.com/?p=41933
- Microsoft On the Issues, "The continued state of global AI diffusion in 2026", 21 Sep 2026. https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2026/09/21/the-continued-state-of-global-ai-diffusion-in-2026/
- Microsoft, "Transforming audience engagement with generative AI", checked 2026-10-28. https://www.about.ads.microsoft.com/en/blog/post/october-2024/transforming-audience-engagement-with-generative-ai
- MOHAP, "Issue/renew licence for a health advertisement", undated, read 28 Oct 2026. https://mohap.gov.ae/en/w/issue-license-/-renew-license-for-a-health-advertisement
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- PPC Land, "OpenAI's ChatGPT ads are getting conversion optimization", 2026-05-30. https://ppc.land/openais-chatgpt-ads-are-getting-conversion-optimization-heres-what-changes/
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- Reuters via Zawya, Anzar Mehraj, "OpenAI tests advertiser-sponsored agents", 2026-09-16. https://www.zawya.com/en/business/ai-shaping-digital-future/openai-tests-advertiser-sponsored-agents-expands-ai-tools-for-chatgpt-ads-806532
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- UAE Legislation portal, 10 Jun 2024. https://www.uaelegislation.gov.ae/en/legislations/2547/download
- Visa, "Visa study: 85% in UAE use AI to shop", 9 Jun 2026. https://www.visa.com/en-ae/newsroom/ai-shopping-fraud-study-uae
- YouGov, "MENA AI in Media Report", May 2025. https://commercial.yougov.com/rs/464-VHH-988/images/YouGov-MENA-AI-In-Media-Report-May-2025.pdf
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